Review
Alotaibi, N. M., Kenyon, E. J., Cook, K. J., Börger, L., & Bull, J. C. 2019. Low genotypic diversity and long-term ecological decline in a spatially structured seagrass population. Scientific Reports 9(1): 18387. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54828-1
10.1038/s41598-019-54828-131804557PMC6895181Arnaud-Haond, S., Duarte, C. M., Teixeira, S., Massa, S. I., Terrados, J., Tri, N. H., & Serrao, E. A. 2009. Genetic recolonization of mangrove: genetic diversity still increasing in the Mekong Delta 30 years after Agent Orange. Marine Ecology Progress Series 390: 129-135. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08183
10.3354/meps08183Bastyan, G. R. and Cambridge, M. L. 2008. Transplantation as a method for restoring the seagrass Posidonia australis. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 79(2): 289-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2008.04.012
10.1016/j.ecss.2008.04.012Beck, M. W., Flaherty-Walia, K., Scolaro, S., Burke, M. C., Furman, B. T., Karlen, D. J., Pratt, C., Anastasiou, C. J., & Sherwood, E. T. 2024. Hot and fresh: Evidence of climate-related suboptimal water conditions for seagrass in a Large Gulf Coast Estuary. Estuaries and Coasts 47(6): 1475-1497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-024-01385-0
10.1007/s12237-024-01385-0Bijak, A. L., Reynolds, L. K., & Smyth, A. R. 2023. Seagrass meadow stability and composition influence carbon storage. Landscape Ecology 38(12): 4419-4437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-023-01700-3
10.1007/s10980-023-01700-3Byeon, S. Y., Moon, K., Choi, S. K., Choi, H.-k., Kim, S., Kang, J. H., Park, S. R., & Lee, H. J. 2025. Genetic diversity and seascape population structure in eelgrass (Zostera marina) meadows in the northwestern Pacific. Global Ecology and Conservation 61: e03688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03688
10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03688Cao, V. L., Chu, T. C., Nguyen, V. V., & Uong, D. K. 2019. Current status and trends of seagrass habitats in the Cu Lao Cham marine protected area. Journal of Natural Resources and Environment 26: 27-34 (in Vietnamese).
Carnell, P. E. and Keough, M. J. 2019. Reconstructing historical marine populations reveals major decline of a kelp forest ecosystem in Australia. Estuaries and Coasts 42: 765-778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-019-00525-1
10.1007/s12237-019-00525-1Chen, C.-F., Lau, V.-K., Chang, N.-B., Son, N.-T., Tong, P.-H.-S., & Chiang, S.-H. 2016. Multitemporal change detection of seagrass beds using integrated Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI imageries in Cam Ranh Bay, Vietnam. Ecological Informatics 35: 43-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2016.07.005
10.1016/j.ecoinf.2016.07.005Coleman, M. A. and Wernberg, T. 2018. Genetic and morphological diversity in sympatric kelps with contrasting reproductive strategies. Aquatic Biology 27: 65-73. https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00698
10.3354/ab00698Coleman, M. A., Wood, G., Filbee-Dexter, K., Minne, A. J. P., Goold, H. D., Vergés, A., & Wernberg, T. 2020. Restore or redefine: future trajectories for restoration. Frontiers in Marine Science 7: 237. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00237
10.3389/fmars.2020.00237Connolly, R. M., Dunn, R. J. K., Flindt, M. R., Jackson, E. L., Kristensen, E., & McKenna, S. 2016. Assessment of the fffects of foreshore nourishment and mitigation projects on seagrass ecosystems (SRMP-004). Report to Gold Coast Waterways Authority. Gold Coast: Griffith University.
Connolly, R. M., Smith, T. M., Maxwell, P. S., Olds, A. D., Macreadie, P. I., & Sherman, C. D. H. 2018. Highly disturbed populations of seagrass show increased resilience but lower genotypic diversity. Frontiers in Plant Science 9: 894. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00894
10.3389/fpls.2018.0089430008728PMC6034141Couceiro, L., Maneiro, I., Ruiz, J. M. & Barreiro, R. 2011. Multiscale genetic structure of an endangered seaweed Ahnfeltiopsis pusilla (Rhodophyta): implications for its conservation. Journal of Phycology 47: 259-268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.00959.x
10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.00959.xDierick, J., Phan, T. T. H., Luong, Q. D., & Triest, L. 2021. Persistent clones and local seed recruitment contribute to the resilience of Enhalus acoroides populations under disturbance. Frontiers in Plant Science 12: 658213. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.658213
10.3389/fpls.2021.65821334220884PMC8248806do Amaral Camara Lima, M., Bergamo, T. F., Ward, R. D., & Joyce, C. B. 2023. A review of seagrass ecosystem services: providing nature-based solutions for a changing world. Hydrobiologia 850(12): 2655-2670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-023-05244-0
10.1007/s10750-023-05244-0Dunic, J. C., Brown, C. J., Connolly, R. M., Turschwell, M. P., & Côté, I. M. 2021. Long-term declines and recovery of meadow area across the world’s seagrass bioregions. Global Change Biology 27(17): 4096-4109. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15684
10.1111/gcb.15684Ehlers, A., Worm, B., & Reusch, T. B. H. 2008. Importance of genetic diversity in eelgrass Zostera marina for its resilience to global warming. Marine Ecology Progress Series 355: 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07369
10.3354/meps07369Ferretto, G., Glasby, T. M., Poore, A. G. B., Callaghan, C. T., Housefield, G. P., Langley, M., Sinclair, E. A., Statton, J., Kendrick, G. A., & Vergés, A. 2021. Naturally-detached fragments of the endangered seagrass Posidonia australis collected by citizen scientists can be used to successfully restore fragmented meadows. Biological Conservation 262: 109308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109308
10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109308García-Escudero, C. A., Tsigenopoulos, C. S., Manousaki, T., Tsakogiannis, A., Marbà, N., Vizzini, S., Duarte, C. M., & Apostolaki, E. T. 2023. Population genomics unveils the century-old invasion of the seagrass Halophila stipulacea in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology 171(2): 40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-023-04361-7
10.1007/s00227-023-04361-7Govers, L. L., Heusinkveld, J. H. T., Gräfnings, M. L. E., Smeele, Q., & van der Heide, T. 2022. Adaptive intertidal seed-based seagrass restoration in the Dutch Wadden Sea. PlosONE 17(2): e0262845. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262845
10.1371/journal.pone.026284535139086PMC8827467Granado, R., Pinto Neta, L. C., Nunes-Freitas, A. F., Voloch, C. M., & Lira, C. F. 2018. Assessing genetic diversity after mangrove restoration in Brazil: why is it so important? Diversity 10: 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/d10020027
10.3390/d10020027Hong Nguyen, N., Nguyen, T. D., Thi Tran, G. H., Quoc Nguyen, H., Pham, N. B., Hoang Chu, H., & Do, P. T. 2025. Genetic diversity of the tall-stilt mangrove (Rhizophora apiculata Blume) in Southern Central Coast of Vietnam using SSR markers. Academia Journal of Biology 47: 137-150. https://doi.org/10.15625/2615-9023/21433
10.15625/2615-9023/21433Hughes, A. R. and Stachowicz, J. J. 2004. Genetic diversity enhances the resistance of a seagrass ecosystem to disturbance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101(24): 8998-9002. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0402642101
10.1073/pnas.040264210115184681PMC428461Le, S. and Le, T. V. 2024. Genetic diversity and population structure of natural provenances of Sonneratia caseolaris in Vietnam. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 22: 100356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2024.100356
10.1016/j.jgeb.2024.10035638494260PMC10903747Litsi-Mizan, V., García-Escudero, C. A., Tsigenopoulos, C. S., Tsiaras, K., Gerakaris, V., & Apostolaki, E. T. 2024. Unravelling the genetic pattern of seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadows in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Biodiversity and Conservation 33(1): 257-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-023-02746-0
10.1007/s10531-023-02746-0Liu, S. Y. V., Kumara, T. P., & Hsu, C.-H. 2020. Genetic identification and hybridization in the seagrass genus Halophila (Hydrocharitaceae) in Sri Lankan waters. PeerJ 8: e10027. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10027
10.7717/peerj.1002733062439PMC7532775Lu, W., Zou, Z., Hu, X., & Yang, S. 2022. Genetic diversity and mating system of two mangrove species (Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marina) in a heavily disturbed area of China. Forests 14: 115. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14020115
10.3390/d14020115Marion, S. R. and Orth, R. J. 2010. Innovative techniques for large-scale seagrass restoration using Zostera marina (eelgrass) seeds. Restoration Ecology 18(4): 514-526. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2010.00692.x
10.1111/j.1526-100X.2010.00692.xMijangos, J. L., Pacioni, C., Spencer, P. B. S., & Craig, M. D. 2015. Contribution of genetics to ecological restoration. Molecular Ecology 24(1): 22-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12995
10.1111/mec.12995Montefalcone, M. 2024. Challenges in restoring Mediterranean seagrass ecosystems in the Anthropocene. Environments 11(5): 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11050086
10.3390/environments11050086Moore, M. L., Allsing, N., Hartwick, N. T., Mamerto, A., Murray, E. R., Sanders, R. D., & Michael, T. P. 2025. Hybridization and low-light adaptability in California eelgrass (Zostera spp.). Nature Plants 11: 2409-2422. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-025-02142-2
10.1038/s41477-025-02142-241162626PMC12626889Mwikamba, E. M., Githaiga, M. N., Briers, R. A., & Huxham, M. 2024. A review of seagrass cover, status and trends in Africa. Estuaries and Coasts 47(4): 917-934. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-024-01348-5
10.1007/s12237-024-01348-5Nguyen, H. D. 2010. Management and restoration of seagrass beds in Nui Thanh district, Quang Nam province. Journal of Marine Science and Technology 10(2): 63-75.
Nguyen, H. D., Pham, H. T., Nguyen, T. L., & Nguyen, X. V. 2004. The degradation of seagrass beds in Khanh Hoa province and the ability of restoration of these meadows. Proceedings of the national conference Bien Dong 2002. Agricultural Publishing House, Ho Chi Minh City, pp 358-369.
Nguyen, X.-V. and Papanbrock, J. 2019. Assessment by microsatellite analysis of genetic diversity and population structure of Enhalus acoroides from the coast of Khanh Hoa Province, Vietnam. Acta Oceanologica Sinica 38(1): 144-150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-019-1381-y
10.1007/s13131-019-1381-yNguyen, X.-V., Lau, V.-K., Nguyen-Nhat, N.-T., Nguyen, T.-H., Phan, K.-H., Dao, V.-H., Ho-Dinh, D., Hayashizaki, K.-i., Fortes, M. D., & Papenbrock, J. 2021a. Update of seagrass cover and species diversity in Southern Viet Nam using remote sensing data and molecular analyses. Regional Studies in Marine Science 44: 101803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2021.101803
10.1016/j.rsma.2021.101803Nguyen, X.-V., Nguyen-Nhat, N.-T., Nguyen, X.-T., Dao, V.-H., M. Liao, L., & Papenbrock, J. 2021b. Analysis of rDNA reveals a high genetic diversity of Halophila major in the Wallacea region. Plos ONE 16(10): e0258956. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258956
10.1371/journal.pone.025895634679102PMC8535426Nguyen, X.-V., Nguyen-Nhat, N.-T., Nguyen, X.-T., Dao, V.-H., McDermid, K. J., & Papenbrock, J. 2022a. Microsatellite-based analysis of the genetic diversity and population structure of the seagrass species Thalassia hemprichii from southern Viet Nam. Aquatic Botany 178: 103497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2022.103497
10.1016/j.aquabot.2022.103497Nguyen, X.-V., Phan, T. T. H., Cao, V.-L., Nguyen Nhat, N.-T., Nguyen, T.-H., Nguyen, X.-T., Lau, V.-K., Hoang, C.-T., Nguyen-Thi, M.-N., Nguyen, H. M., Dao, V.-H., Teichberg, M., & Papenbrock, J. 2022b. Current advances in seagrass research: A review from Viet Nam. Frontiers in Plant Science 13: 991865. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.991865
10.3389/fpls.2022.99186536299785PMC9589349Nguyen-Nhat, N.-T., Lau, V.-K., Nguyen, X.-T., Nguyen, T.-H., Nguyen, M.-N. T., Dao, V.-H., & Nguyen, X.-V. 2024. Baseline study on the seagrass distribution and species diversity of the seagrass at West Sea (Viet Nam) with integrated approaches. Regional Studies in Marine Science 77: 103654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103654
10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103654Orth, R. J., Carruthers, T. J. B., Dennison, W. C., Duarte, C. M., Fourqurean, J. W., Heck Jr., K. L., Hughes, A. R., Kendrick, G. A., Kenworthy, W. J., Olyarnik, S., Short, F. T., Waycott, M., & Williams, S. L. 2006. A global crisis for seagrass ecosystems. BioScience 56(12): 987-996. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[987:AGCFSE]2.0.CO;2
10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[987:AGCFSE]2.0.CO;2Pazzaglia, J., Nguyen, H. M., Santillán-Sarmiento, A., Ruocco, M., Dattolo, E., Marín-Guirao, L., & Procaccini, G. 2021. The genetic component of seagrass restoration: What we know and the way forwards. Water 13(6): 829. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13060829
10.3390/w13060829Pham, H. T. 2008. Final report: Rehabilitation and conservation the seagrass meadows at Cam Hai Dong, Cam Ranh Bay, Khanh Hoa province, central Vietnam. Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation, pp. 21. Retrieved from https://media.rufford.org/media/project_reports.
Pickerell, C. H., Schott, S., & Wyllie-Echeverria, S. 2005. Buoy-deployed seeding: Demonstration of a new eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) planting method. Ecological Engineering 25(2): 127-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2005.03.005
10.1016/j.ecoleng.2005.03.005Ries, S. R., Faust, E., Johannesson, K., Jonsson, P. R., Moksnes, P.-O., Pereyra, R. T., & Jahnke, M. 2023. Genetic structure and diversity of the seagrass Zostera marina along a steep environmental gradient, with implications for genetic monitoring. Frontiers in Climate 5: 1303337. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2023.1303337
10.3389/fclim.2023.1303337Rossetto, M., Bragg, J., Kilian, A., McPherson, H., van der Merwe, M., & Wilson, P. D. 2019. Restore and renew: a genomics-era framework for species provenance delimitation. Restoration Ecology 27: 538-548. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12898
10.1111/rec.12898Shaw, R. E., Farquharson, K. A., Bruford, M. W., Coates, D. J., Elliott, C. P., Mergeay, J., O’Brien, D., Ortiz-Catedral, L., Pierson, J. C., Segelbacher, G., Sunnucks, P., van Oosterhout, C., Waters, J. M., Weeks, A. R., & Grueber, C. E. 2025. Global meta-analysis shows action is needed to halt genetic diversity loss. Nature 638(8051): 704-710. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08458-x
10.1038/s41586-024-08458-x39880948PMC11839457Short, F. T., Polidoro, B., Livingstone, S. R., Carpenter, K. E., Bandeira, S., Bujang, J. S., . . . Zieman, J. C. 2011. Extinction risk assessment of the world’s seagrass species. Biological Conservation 144(7): 1961-1971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.04.010
10.1016/j.biocon.2011.04.010Silva, S. L. d., Carvalho, R. d., & Magalhães, K. M. 2021. Chromosomal evolution in seagrasses: Is the chromosome number decreasing? Aquatic Botany 173: 103410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2021.103410
10.1016/j.aquabot.2021.103410Smart, J. N., Hammerman, N. M., Golding, K. M., Markey, K., Kovacs, E., & Roelfsema, C. 2025. Decadal monitoring shows seagrass decline and community shifts following environmental disturbance in Moreton Bay, south-eastern Queensland, Australia. Marine & Freshwater Research 76(10): MF25049. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF25049
10.1071/MF25049Statton, J., Dixon, K. W., Irving, A. D., Jackson, E. L., Kendrick, G. A., Orth, R. J., & Sinclair, E. A. 2018. Decline and restoration ecology of Australian seagrasses. In A. W. D. Larkum, G. A. Kendrick, & P. J. Ralph (Eds.), Seagrasses of Australia: Structure, Ecology and Conservation (pp. 665-704). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71354-0_20
10.1007/978-3-319-71354-0_20Strydom, S., McCallum, R., Lafratta, A., Webster, C. L., O’Dea, C. M., Said, N. E., Duarte, C. M., Kendrick, G. A., McMahon, K. M., McKenzie, L. J., Short, F. T., Sullivan, B. K., York, P. H., & Serrano, O. 2023. Global dataset on seagrass meadow structure, biomass and production. Earth System Science Data 15(1): 511-519. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-511-2023
10.5194/essd-15-511-2023Sudo, K. and Nakaoka, M. 2020. Fine-scale distribution of tropical seagrass beds in Southeast Asia. Ecological Research 35(6): 994-1000. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.12137
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Unsworth, R. K. F., Jones, B. L. H., Bertelli, C. M., Coals, L., Cullen-Unsworth, L. C., Mendzil, A. F., Nordlund, L. M., Eklöf, J. S., Aoki, L. R., Brown, C. J., Green, E. J., Gullström, M., Jarvis, J. C., McKenzie, L. J., Peterson, B. J., Saunders, M. I., Short, F. T., de la Torre-Castro, M., van Katwijk, M. M., & Evans, A. J. 2025. Ten golden rules for restoration to secure resilient and just seagrass social-ecological systems. Plants, People, Planet 7(1): 33-48. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10560
10.1002/ppp3.10560Vo, T.-T., Lau, K., Liao, L. M., & Nguyen, X.-V. J. A. L. R. 2020. Satellite image analysis reveals changes in seagrass beds at Van Phong Bay, Vietnam during the last 30 years. Aquatic Living Resources 33: 2020. https://doi.org/10.1051/alr/2020005
10.1051/alr/2020005Waycott, M., Duarte, C. M., Carruthers, T. J. B., Orth, R. J., Dennison, W. C., Olyarnik, S., Calladine, A., Fourqurean, J. W., Heck Jr., K. L., Hughes, A. R., Kendrick, G. A., Kenworthy, W. J., Short, F. T., & Williams, S. L. 2009. Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(30): 12377-12381. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905620106
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10.1111/cobi.1314029797493PMC7379550Wernberg, T., Coleman, M. A., Bennett, S., Thomsen, M. S., Tuya, F., & Kelaher, B. P. 2018. Genetic diversity and kelp forest vulnerability to climatic stress. Scientific Reports 8: 1851. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20009-9
10.1038/s41598-018-20009-929382916PMC5790012- Publisher :Jeju Journal of Island Sciences
- Publisher(Ko) :제주섬과학회지
- Journal Title :Jeju Journal of Island Sciences
- Journal Title(Ko) :제주섬과학회지
- Received Date : 2026-01-20
- Revised Date : 2026-05-08
- Accepted Date : 2026-05-11
- DOI :https://doi.org/10.23264/JJIS.2026.3.2.022


Jeju Journal of Island Sciences







